In this article, we explore the structure and usage of complex sentences, starting with a clear definition and the various types. We discuss subordinating conjunctions that link clauses, as well as the correct punctuation for these sentences. You'll learn how to enhance sentence variety using complex sentences, and we address common mistakes people make. Additionally, we compare complex sentences with compound sentences and offer insights into using complex sentences for specific purposes in writing. This guide provides essential knowledge for mastering complex sentence construction and improving writing skills.
A complex sentence is a type of sentence that consists of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. These clauses are connected using subordinating conjunctions (because, although, since, when, if) or relative pronouns (who, which, that).
A complex sentence is a sentence that contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses, linked together to express a complete idea with a clear relationship between the clauses.
Key Features:
Example:
In this example, the subordinating conjunction "because" connects the two clauses.
Purpose:
Complex sentences are used to show relationships between ideas, such as cause and effect, contrast, or time. They add variety and depth to writing by combining shorter, simpler sentences into more sophisticated structures.
There are several types of complex sentences based on the conjunctions and subordinating words used to connect the clauses:
Adjective Clauses: These describe or modify a noun in the independent clause.
Adverbial Clauses: These provide information about time, place, cause, condition, contrast, and manner. They are introduced by subordinating conjunctions.
Noun Clauses: These function as a noun in the sentence, often as the subject or object.
Conditional Clauses: These express conditions and are often introduced by 'if' or 'unless'.
Causal Clauses: These explain the reason or cause of an action.
Temporal Clauses: These indicate the time when the action in the independent clause occurs.
Concessive Clauses: These show contrast or opposition.
Subordinating conjunctions are words that connect an independent clause with a dependent (subordinate) clause in a complex sentence. They show relationships such as cause and effect, contrast, time, condition, and purpose.
Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions by Type:
Cause and Effect: because, since, as, so that
Contrast: although, though, even though, whereas, while
Time: when, while, before, after, as soon as, until, since
Condition: if, unless, provided that, as long as, in case
Purpose: so that, in order that, lest
Comparison: than, as...as, just as
Punctuation in complex sentences is crucial for clarity and readability. Complex sentences consist of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses, typically connected by subordinating conjunctions (because, although, while, if, since). Here’s how punctuation works in different cases:
When the Dependent Clause Comes First: Use a comma to separate the dependent clause from the independent clause.
When the Independent Clause Comes First: No comma is needed in most cases.
Exception: A comma can be used for contrast or clarity.
When the Dependent Clause is in the Middle: Use commas if the clause is nonessential (adds extra information).
Using Commas Before Coordinating Conjunctions in Complex Sentences: If the sentence combines a dependent and independent clause with and, but, or, yet, so, use a comma before the conjunction if the second clause is independent.
Using complex sentences effectively can enhance sentence variety and improve the flow of your writing. Here are some ways to structure complex sentences for variety:
Subordinate Clauses at the Beginning
Subordinate Clauses at the End
Embedding Relative Clauses
Using Multiple Clauses for Complexity
Using Different Subordinating Conjunctions
Complex sentences add depth and clarity to writing, but they can also lead to common mistakes. Here are some typical errors:
Comma Splices: Incorrectly joining two independent clauses with just a comma.
Sentence Fragments: Using a dependent clause alone as a sentence.
Misplaced or Dangling Modifiers: Placing modifying phrases too far from the word they modify, leading to confusion.
Lack of Parallel Structure: Mixing grammatical forms in lists or comparisons.
Unclear Pronoun References: Using pronouns without a clear antecedent.
Subject-Verb Agreement in Complex Sentences: Losing track of subject-verb agreement when a clause comes between them.
Overuse of Subordinating Conjunctions: Using too many dependent clauses, making the sentence difficult to follow.
Both complex sentences and compound sentences are used to connect ideas, but they serve different purposes and have different structures.
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) or a semicolon.
Structure:
Independent Clause + Coordinating Conjunction + Independent Clause or Independent Clause + Semicolon + Independent Clause
Examples:
Key Point: Both parts of the sentence can stand alone as complete thoughts.
A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause. These clauses are connected by a subordinating conjunction (although, because, since, while, if, when, unless, after, before, etc.).
Structure:
Independent Clause + Subordinating Conjunction + Dependent Clause or Subordinating Conjunction + Dependent Clause + Comma + Independent Clause
Examples:
Key Point: The dependent clause 'cannot stand alone' as a complete sentence.
Using complex sentences effectively allows you to add depth, clarity, and nuance to your writing. Here are some ways to use complex sentences for specific purposes:
Showing Cause and Effect:
Providing Additional Information:
Contrasting Ideas:
Indicating Conditions:
Explaining Purpose: